This paper extends an INFORMATION-based model for an order market with asymmetric INFORMATION. The new assumption in this expanded model is that possibility of asymmetric influence of changes in inside and outside INFORMATION. However, other models generally assume that changes in these two types of INFORMATION have the same value, or focus only on changes in internal INFORMATION. Therefore, in the new extended model, uninformed traders face informed internal and external traders. In the new equilibrium, when the effect of external INFORMATION is larger than that of internal INFORMATION for the stock, in the optimal case uninformed traders choose a lower bid price and a higher ask price as the equality effect of these two types of INFORMATION, and in the opposite case they choose a higher bid price and a lower ask price.

PRIVATE INFORMATION, affect Investment and Dividend Policy, investor don’ t desire to purchase firm’ s security with more PRIVATE INFORMATION, also increase demand for payout. This article tries to provid evidence that shows how Investment and distribution are affected by PRIVATE INFORMATION. For this purpose INFORMATION of 692 firm-year are analysed. The results shows that there is a positive relation between PRIVATE INFORMATION and firm’ s investment that despite with were expected, although this observations justify with growth opportunities. Also there is no direct relationship between PRIVATE INFORMATION and dividend policy.

PRIVATE INFORMATION of individuals is always exposed to attack by different individuals. Therefore, while providing a criterion for identifying the concept of PRIVATE INFORMATION, by strengthening the guarantee of the enforcement of the violation of the rights of individuals to their PRIVATE INFORMATION, a way should be found to prevent the violation of INFORMATION privacy. The main question is whether the civil liability resulting from the violation of privacy is recognized in British and Iranian law or not? If the answer is positive, how is this supported? In English law, there was no independent form of civil liability claim arising from a breach of INFORMATIONal privacy and due to the formality of the British civil liability system, a lawsuit that directly protects privacy was not acceptable until after Campbell's lawsuit was filed in 2004, the grounds for accepting an independent civil liability lawsuit known as misuse of PRIVATE INFORMATION was provided. Also, in the Judicial procedure of this country, the standard of reasonable expectation of privacy (objective standard) has been used to determine whether INFORMATION is PRIVATE. In Iranian law, privacy violation is in any form, regardless of whether it is in a specific format. If there are conditions of civil liability, in this case, the defendant is responsible. Of course, the appearance of the Executive Regulations of the Law on Publishing and Free Access to INFORMATION only uses the phrase "expectation of privacy" without the condition of "reasonableness" in recognizing the existence of privacy, and this issue apparently confirms that a subjective standard is accepted in Iranian law. However, considering the advantages of the objective standard, this appearance should be ignored and the objective standard should be recognized in Iranian law. Anyway, the mission of this article is to analyze the standard of reasonable expectation of privacy in an analytical-descriptive way and with a comparative view, while examining the conditions of creating civil liability due to misuse of PRIVATE INFORMATION.

Introduction: Communications and INFORMATION technology revolution has a remarkable effect on economic, social, politic and security of all the world. Using of INFORMATION technology in medicine has many advantages such as improve the quality and effectiveness of care, reduce medical errors, enhance the management of acute and chronic disease, access to updated INFORMATION, and help to medical decision-making. This study was aimed to determine the status of using INFORMATION technology in the PRIVATE clinics of general physicians as well as to find the reasons for unwillingness in using the technology.Methods: This is a descriptive and applied study done in 1393-94 (2015). The population included general physicians' clinic in Ahvaz (344 clinics). A questionnaire and a check list were applied to obtain the required INFORMATION. A test- retest with two weeks interval was used to find out the instruments reliability (r=0.94) and their validity were confirmed by experts.Results: 71.42% and 28.57% out of respondents were male and female, respectively. The results showed that 7.2% out of all participants use INFORMATION technology. Physicians believed that lack of knowledge about how to use INFORMATION technology in medical care is an important reason for their reluctance to use that.Conclusion: Although, the practitioners agreed with applying INFORMATION technology in their daily practice, but they still have not accepted the technology in their clinics.

Introduction: Evaluation of hospital INFORMATION system (HIS) is a complex endeavor, in which all human, technical and organizational aspects should be considered. This study aimed to develop indicators for HIS evaluation.Methods: Present qualitative study was carried out through a cross-sectional method in 2012 in Kerman province, using Delphi technique. Given the objectives of this study, three independent phases were performed including literature review, providing draft indicators for HIS evaluation and reaching consensus. Required data were obtained through interviews and designed forms. Twenty-three experts composed the study population in interview and reaching consensus phases. Validity and reliability were confirmed through content validity and test-retest method, respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: Final set of indicators for HIS evaluation consisted of ninety-one indicators under 8 main topics, i.e. technical quality, software quality, architecture and interface quality, vendor quality, after-sale services quality, workflow support quality, support department, outcome quality and HIS cost.Conclusion: Given the complexity of INFORMATION system evaluation, all human, technical and organizational aspects have to be taken into account in any evaluation. Proposed indicators provide the possibility of comprehensive evaluation of HIS.